Grant proposal+SOP Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Grant proposal+SOP - Coursework Example 1. Title of Project Incidence of the lateral flagella Flag-2 genes in clinical isolates of E. coli. Supervisor(s) surname(s) Forename(s) Title(s) Current post(s) and Employer End date of current funding or normal retirement date Dr J. N. Fletcher J. N. Doctor 3. Proposed Student (where applicable) Forename(s) Title(s) Current post(s and Employer End date of current funding or normal retirement date Fatima Alshannag Fatima PhD student 4. Organisation (administering award if approved) Yorkshire Cancer Research Department accommodating project (and Organisation if other than above) City or Town Bradford Applicant’s Tel. No. and Email address 5. Number of hours per week individuals named in (2) above will devote personally to this studentship. 6. Proposed starting date for period of funding Proposed duration 7. Abstract of Research (10 lines of text in Times New Roman 11-point single spacing). Do not increase size of text box. 8. Full official postal address of applicant Telephone number Fax number Email address 9.1 Does this application follow on from a previously funded YCR award? Please give details. No, this application does not follow previously funded YCR award. 9.2 Is this a resubmission in any part of an application to YCR? No, there are no resubmissions in any part of an application to YCR. ... d summarise the support provided (including its tenure) 10.2 Are you currently applying elsewhere for support for work relating to the present proposal? No, I am not currently applying elsewhere for support for work relating to the present. If so, to which Organisation? 10.3 Is this application or any part of it, currently being submitted elsewhere? No, any part of this application is not being submitted elsewhere. If so, to which Organisation; and by what date is a decision expected? 10.4 Has this application, or any part of it, been submitted elsewhere over the past year? No, this application has not been submitted elsewhere over the past year. If so, to which Organisation? 11. Acceptance of regulations and conditions I/We have read the conditions set out in the Award Conditions and, if my/our application is successful, I/we agree to abide by them. I/We shall be actively engaged in, and in day-to-day control of, the project. I I/We have read the specific Award Information, Award Co nditions and Policies for Awards regarding disclosure of research data, intellectual property and commercial development activity and if my/our application is successful I/we agree to abide by them. Signature of applicant(s) Date: This application should be submitted by/through (i) the Head of Department and (ii) the officer who will be responsible for administering any award that may be awarded (e.g. Finance Officer, Bursar, Registrar, Secretary). Each should sign the following declaration: I confirm that I have read this application and that, if granted, the work will be accommodated and administered in the Department/ Organisation in accordance with the Award Conditions. The staff gradings and salaries quoted are correct and in accordance with the normal practice of this Organisation.

Cas a Constant Struggle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cas a Constant Struggle - Essay Example However, aside from simply being able to give each person the capability of doing things that they ought to complete as individual beings in the community, liberty has also paved way to a wider and more diverse society that is populated by individually aspired population who wants to make a name of their own within the society that they are living in. THE United States Bill of Rights has generated so much interest that in 50 years, some 700 books have been written about it-over 40 of them this year alone. Since 1991 is the 200th anniversary of the adoption of the Bill of Rights, people were even more interested in this subject. Yet, a poll revealed that 59 percent of the American public do not know what the Bill of Rights is. When the Constitution of the United States was ratified in 1788, it allowed for amendments that would clarify positions not clearly defined in the Constitution. In 1791 the first ten amendments were added to the Constitution. These ten amendments had to do with liberty and became known as the Bill of Rights, for they guarantee to the people of the United States certain individual liberties. The word freedom in its broad sense as used in the Bible and in the field of government means merely "acting at will". "Freedom is the state of being free; liberty; self-determination. The power of acting, in the character of a moral personality, according to the dictates of the will, without other check, hindrance, or prohibition than such as may be imposed by just and necessary laws and the duties of social life." The word "liberty", as generally used, is practically synonymous with the word "freedom". "Liberty is freedom; exemption from extraneous control. The power of the will to follow the dictates of its unrestricted choice, and to direct the external acts of the individual without restraint, coercion, or control from other persons is the main idea supported by the thoughts of applying liberty in the human society. The capability of human individuals to act upon what they want and to react upon what they see the way that they want to is a clear depiction of the actual applicat ion of liberty today. According to some social psychologists, the want of being free and being able to do what they want is innate in humans. It is a major part of the human behavior that sets people apart from the being that animals follow. Everybody in the society wants to appear better than what is usually seen from others. The initial want for fame is an undeniable cause for such thinking. This is primarily the reason why the dream of having an equal society is most likely believed to have been hindered by the forces implied through the application of individual liberty. So as soon as the news spread that a constitution was in the making, freedom-loving people began a movement for a national bill of rights that would guarantee their liberties and would separate Church from State. If the people were in such fear of a centralized national government, why would they create it After the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776, a new governmental system was needed. British rul e in each colony came to an end. The states then adopted the

Iodine: Properties, Uses and Dangers

Iodine: Properties, Uses and Dangers Introduction: Iodine is an indispensable micronutrient required in small amounts for the normal physiological function of the human body [1]. Iodine is a critical component of the thyroid hormones, which are necessary for various metabolic and enzymatic processes. These processes include control of the body’s metabolic rate, growth and development, neuron function and development. The recommended dietary intake for adult men and non-pregnant women is 150  µg/d, 220-250  µg/d for pregnant women and 250-290  µg/d for breastfeeding women (American thyroid Association) [2]. Seafood, dairy products, and plants grown in iodine-rich soils are decent sources of iodine as food [3]. Most other foods contain low amounts of iodine so individuals require additional sources to meet the recommended amounts. Insufficient intake of iodine results in a variety of disorders referred to as iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). They include mental impairment, goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland), hypoth yroidism, and dwarfism [1-3]. IDD is especially destructive during the early stages of pregnancy and in early childhood. In their most severe form, IDD include cretinism (extreme case of neurological damage from fetal hypothyroidism), stillbirth and miscarriage, and increased infant mortality. IDD is a noteworthy public health problem in more than 50 countries. According, to the World Health Organization (2004) [4] an estimated 2 billion people worldwide (35.2% of the world population) suffer from inadequate iodine intake. Iodide is crucial to thyroid function in vertebrates, with vital implications for human health. It is important to recall that more than 95% of total iodine necessary for humans is accumulated in the thyroid gland. The history of therapeutic use of iodine dates back centuries. It has been described as the most potent antiseptic available. However, its therapeutic uses require careful evaluation because of its narrow range of intake to support optimal thyroid function [5]. One of the most notable features of iodine as an antiseptic is the lack of selection of resistant strains. Only one report of iodine resistance has been published [6]. The behaviour of iodine-based antiseptics on skin was investigated by Gottardi in 1995. Iodine antiseptics have wide scope of antimicrobial activity, killing all principal pathogens and given enough time even spores. Iodine based preparations and iodine salts are widely used as antimicrobial remedies, especially in the form of alcoholic solutions. This is due to the broad antimicrobial activity of iodine and the low cost of iodine components [7]. However, there is considerable controversy about the maximum safe iodine and duration of use. Povidone-iodine prepara tions are widely used as an antiseptic to prepare patient’s skin before surgery and are also used by surgeons and theatre staff as a skin cleaner and antiseptic in preoperative hand scrubs [8]. Many other wound dressing material containing iodine are Inadine, Iodosorb, Iodoflex, Iodozyme, Repithel etc. [9]. The antimicrobial property of iodine has been using for water disinfection since First world war to disinfect drinking water for troops in France and subsequently, US army during second world war used Globalin (tetraglycine hydroperiodide) tablets [10]. Iodine based disinfectant has been in use by NASA in space flights [11]. Today iodine based disinfection materials are mainly available in two forms, as iodine solution and iodine resin [12]. Iodine resins are solid-phase iodine disinfectants. Iodine resins are generally regarded as demand release disinfectants [12]. Starting in the early 1990’s increasing interest in the chemistry of polyvalent organic reagents is also notable and since then an innumerable of reports on the use of such compounds in organic synthesis have been published [13]. Wijs reagent, a solution of iodine monochloride in acetic acid and can be prepared from a mixture of iodine and iodine trichloride, is used for the estimation of the iodine value of fats and oils [14]. However there are various problems associated with the use of free iodine, like excess iodine ingestion cause thyroid disorders, irritation of tissues and short duration of action when used as antimicrobial remedies and high degree of instability [15]. These problems were overcome by the development of iodophores. Iodophores are complexes between iodine and a solubilising agent or carrier to increase the solubility and endure the release of iodine. In an aqueous iodophore solution, iodine is present in the form of different thermodynamically stable anionic iodine species and diatomic iodine [16]. Anionic species of iodine could interact with cationic groups of various polymers and form polymeric iodophores as ionic complexes. Four types of carriers have been generally used:- i) Polyoxymer iodophores. ii) Cationic surfactant iodophores. iii) Non-ionic surfactant iodophores. iv) Polyvinyl-pyrrolidine iodophores (also known as povidone iodine or PVP-I). In most of these carriers iodine is present in aggregates (or micelles) of surfactants, which act as reservoir of iodine. Polyoxymer iodophore are complexes of non-ionic copolymers with iodine. In case of non-ionic surfactant iodophore the complex formation take place through donor-acceptor mechanism with the surfactant ethereal oxygen (as donor) and iodine (as acceptor) [17]. PVP with iodine forms a stable charge-transfer complex. In PVP-I solutions, free species of iodine are formally controlled by the mass action law including a coupled reversible interaction between iodine–iodide, triiodide–polymer and iodine–triiodide–polymer complexes [18]. In 1981, Cadexomer iodine was developed as another means of delivering benign iodine. Cadexomer is a derivative of dextrines (containing some number of carboxyl groups) cross-linked with epichlorohydrin and exits in the form of water-insoluble microbeads; 0.9% of molecular iodine is physically (not chemically) tra pped in the core of these microbeads [19]. Solubility of elemental iodine increases in the presence of iodide ions, such as potassium iodide, where iodine reacts to form tri-iodide ions. Aqueous solutions of iodine are not stable and, depending on conditions, many different species may be present. Of these, it is believed that molecular iodine (I2) has the highest antimicrobial potential. Stability is influenced by pH and activity diminishes with increased alkalinity and storage time [20]. The seven principal iodine species found in aqueous solution are I2, HOI, OIà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬, H2OI+, I3à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬, Ià ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬, of which only hydrated iodine (I2), hypoiodous acid (HOI) and iodine cation (H2OI+) possess bactericidal activity. At physiologically compatible pH and low concentrations, the only species of importance are Ià ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬, I2 and I3à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ [21]. The type and nature of the iodine species present in the iodine-polymer complexes depends on t he nature of the polymer. Many iodine- synthetic polymers complexes were known to regulate the release of iodine like povidone-iodine (Betadine), iodine incorporated resins (quaternary ammonium polymers), iodpolycom complex (vinylpyrrolidone and butyl methacrylate) [7, 18, 19] etc. Medical research of the Sklifosovskiy Research Institute and the National Centre for Toxicological and biological Safety of Medical Products (Report No. 5-10, Jan 11. 2012) [7] demonstrated that the complexed iodine exerted no burning effects on surrounding tissues. However there are some disadvantages associated with iodine-artificial polymers like non-biodegradability, toxicity, expensive etc. which can be overcome by using natural gums. References: J. Agarwal, C. S. Pandav, M. G. Karmarkar, S. Nair, Community monitoring of the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme in the National Capital Region of Delhi, Public Heath Nutrition, 14:5 754-757 (2010). American Thyroid Association, news release, June, 5, (2013). S. F. Morell, The Great Iodine Debate- Weston A. Price Foundation, Wise Tradition in food, Farming and the Healing Arts, 13:14 1-35 (2012). World Health Organization. Iodine status worldwide. WHO global database on iodine deficiency. Geneva, Switzerland, Jun 28, (2010). J. Stansbury, P. Saunders, D. Winston, Promoting healthy thyroid function with Iodine, Bladderwrack, Guggul and its Iris, J. Restorative Medicine, 1, 83-89 (2012). G. Mycock, Methicillin/antiseptic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet, 2, 949–950 (1985). A. B. Davydov, S. I. Belyh, V. V. Kravets, Iodine-Containing Coating with Prolonged Antimicrobial Activity based on water insoluble Polymer Matrix, Biomedical Engineering, 46, 237-240 (2013). R. G. Sibbald, D. J. Leaper, D. Queen, Iodine Made Easy. Wounds international, 2:2 1-6 (2011). S. Boothman, Iodine White Paper: The Use of Iodine in Wound Therapy, Systagenix, (2010). M. R. Rogers, J. J. Vitaliano, Military Individual and Small Group Water Disinfecting System: An Assessment, Military Medicine, 142:4 268-277 (1977). S. Punyani, P. Narayana, H. Singh, P. Vasudevan, Iodine based water disinfection: A review, J Sci. Ind Res 65 116-120 (2006). E. L. Jarroll, Effect of Disinfectant on Giardia Cysts. CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control, 18:1 1-28 (1988). V. V. Zhdankin, P. J. Stang, Chemistry of polyvalent iodine, Chem. Rev, 108, 5299–5358 (2008). E. E. Gooch, Determination of the Iodine value of selected Oils: An Experiment combining FTIR Spectroscopy with Iodometric titrations, Chem. Educator, 6, 7–9 (2001). G. Selvaggi, S. Monstrey, K. V. Landuyt, M. Hamdi, P. Blondeel, The role of iodine in antisepsis and wound management: A reappraisal, Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 103, 241-247 (2003). W. Gottardi, Iodine and Disinfection: Theoretical Study on mode of action, Efficiency, Stability, and Analytical aspects in aqueous system, Arch. Pharm. Pharm. Med. Chem, 332, 151-157 (1999). S. K. Hait, S. P. Moulik, Determination of Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of Non-ionic Surfactants by Donor–Acceptor Interaction with Iodine and Correlation of CMC with Hydrophile–Lipophile Balance and Other Parameters of the Surfactants, J. Surfactants Deterg. 4:30 303-309 (2001). R. Klimaviciute, J. Bendoraitiene, R. Rutkaite, J. Siugzdaite, A. Zemaitaitis, Preparation, stability and antimicrobial activity of cationic cross-linked starch-iodine complex, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 51, 800-807 (2012). J. Bendoraitiene, E. Mazoniene, J. E. Zemaitaitiene, A. Zemaitaitis, Interaction of Polydiallyldimethyl ammonium Salts with Iodine, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 100, 2710-2716 (2006). W. Gottardi, Iodine and iodine compounds. In: Block SS, editor. Disinfection, sterilization and preservation, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Lea Febiger, Chapter 8, 183–96 (1983). W. Gottardi, The formation of iodate as a reason for the decrease of efficiency of iodine containing disinfectant (author transl), Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg. B. 172, 151–157 (1981).

The First World War (WWI) Essay -- World War 1 I One

World War I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nothing was a bigger disaster than what happened in World War I. This was such a bad war because everyone in the world has allies, and the allies are in oath to help there ally when things get rough or that country is going to war. What I am here to inform you about is how one of the major countries and why one of the biggest powers in the world played a big part in World War I. This country is no other than France, a country who has a lot of say in Europe, and has many allies through out the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The war officially started when the assassination of Austria's Archduke Ferdinand on June 28 in Sarajevo. After this France came in on the side of the Russians and Serbians. As an ally of Russia they were forced to defend them, and after this other big powers got involved such as the Germans, Italians, Russians, Americans, and Japan. The true reason why France got involved was because Germany declared war on them. None of the states that went to war realized how long it would last or how terrible the cost might be. Most thought it would be over in a few short months and that peace would return in 1915.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After this the war got real nasty and the countries stood for no mercy. The French discharged 180,000 kg of chlorine gas from 5,730 cylinders on the line between Steenstraat on the Yser Canal, through Bixschoote and Langemark, to Poelcappelle. This was the beginning of Chemical warfare.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the war starts the Germans are nearly wiping the French out of the war rapidly taking out there soldiers. But the French forces were successful in achieving their objective at the Battle of Mons and the Battle of the Marne. As each side tried to outthink the other, France began to try and take over the Swiss border apart of France. With this great positioning it would be hard for the Germans to attack them from different angles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The French thought the war would end quick, because of the great advantage the allies thought they had over Germany and their other countries on there side. As soon as the Americans got involved in the war many people thought it would end even faster. Between the two armies in a ten month span, Bri... ...ost many of their best troops.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At this time the French were doing well considering the Germans were fighting them face to face on one front, and the Germans had a better trained military than the French. On July 1, 1916, the British and French launched an offensive wave, which put an end to any German thoughts of continuing the Verdun Offensive, was launched against some of the heaviest German armies on the entire Western Front. The British commander, The French had a new campaign which gave the first use of tanks, and was preceded by the war's greatest artillery barrage. Despite these advantages, the general slaughter of allied troops which occurred is famous, with the British suffering 65,000 casualties on the first day alone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the October rains finally put an end to the prolonged carnage, 400,000 British, 200,000 French and 450,000 Germans had become casualties. The Allies only captured a few miles of ground, and the Germans soon withdrew to their new Line in early 1917. Then the great French commander Sir John wasted no time to continue with his offensive ideas and gave the Germans no time to retreat and rest.

Functional Assessments and Intervention Strategies Essay

Dewolfe (1997) discusses the relevant points on the book written by Reichle and Wacker (1997) about the effective approaches in terms of assessing challenging behaviors; and what are the intervention strategies that could be employed in order to decrease the risks for the development of a challenging behavior. According to Reichle and Wacker (1997), the most effective venue for the assessment of challenging behavior could be conducted in natural environments such as â€Å"home, school and local community† (para 2). Also, another key factor that must be kept in mind with regards to changing children’s challenging behavior is the idea that when one wants to change a behavior of a particular child, it necessarily follows, that the behavior of those people around her should also be changed. Effective interventions are also very relevant most specially the rate, quality and the effort that is given on the reinforcement (para 3). Reichle and Wacker (1997) also emphasized that Communications Based Interventions are the best approach in terms of dealing with challenging behavior (para 4). Such a type of intervention should be followed by a functional assessment that should be able to understand the child very well. In effect of this, what will one have is a communication based approach that perfectly matches the need of the child. The facilitation of an intervention program has been emphasized by Reichle and Wacker (1997) has to be conducted in natural settings. As such, the traditional notion that interventions should be normally done in clinics are no longer that patronized. Discussion The rate in which challenging behavior has been increasing now a days is understandable. On the advent of the 21st century where everything is in set to be in fast paced, most parents tend to forgot their responsibility to their children. On the first part of this paper, the author was able to enumerate the different causes and various risk factors of challenging behavior. In a nutshell, one could see that majority of the causes stem out because the mother fails to take care of her child during the prenatal stage and even during the early years of the child. Fox, Dunlap and Powell (2002) emphasized the necessity of early intervention during childhood in order to prevent the development of challenging behavior. In addition with this, the perception that problematic behaviors among toddlers and preschool-age children should not be dismissed as mere effects of his or her development stage. Rather, parents should be vigilant to see the patterns and the rate in which challenging behaviors occur and significantly think of a plan in order to address such a problem. The case of June is a good example on how a child develops challenging behavior during her life. June is perceived to be raised in a broken family. It could be implied that the source of family income is solely shouldered by her mother, hence leaving her and her siblings with small amount of time. In addition with this, the fact that June has two other siblings that her mother have to take care and worry about, further decreases the chance that June could be given appropriate attention and guidance. It is clear from the history of June and her other siblings that they somehow share the same patterns of behavior. Although the author could not completely distinguish if such is the result of how they are reared or maybe how did their mother take care of herself during pregnancy; but it could be seen that such a pattern of behavior is clearly evident to be existing within her family circle. The manner in which June was assessed, intervened and treated in her school could be seen as one of the most effective steps in which one could deal with challenging behavior. The team used a Communications Based Intervention (Reichle and Wacker (1997) in order to deal with the problem. One could recall that the manner in which the teacher talked to June allowed her to express her feelings and also allowed her to tell stories that upset her within the family and also within the school. In addition with this, the assessments that were made to June are done in a natural environment, such as her school. It could be recalled that various attempts are also made by June’s residential and community program placements, but such proves to be null. As such, the author perceived that the assessment at the school, wherein June spends mostly her time is a very effective approach because not only that she will be able to properly relate with her peers, such an approach will also pave the way for more understanding and willingness to support among her teachers. Reicle and Wacker (1997) emphasized the need of other people to also change their behaviors if they wanted to help a child with challenging behavior. It could be significantly noted that Laursen (2005) claimed that the team that is taking care and assisting June has also made an effort to make her educators understand the depth of her problem and how their support could help her to overcome her challenging behavior. In relation with this, the author wanted to introduce the notion of Positive Behavior Support (PBS) of Fox, Dunlap and Powell (2002) in order to change challenging behaviors among children. The PBS is tailored to meet the specific needs of the child and also takes into careful consideration all of the contexts in which problems with regard to challenging behaviors emerge. The model devised by Dunlap and Fox (1999) as cited from Fox, Dunlap and Powell (2002) creates an Individualized Support Program (ISP) that seeks to help the family and the child’s care givers in order to change his or her difficult behavior. The ISP model revolves on two major steps which is the functional assessment and the person centered planning. The functional assessment focuses on accumulating detailed information about the child’s behavior, activities, and other contexts that could be helpful for the family, taking into consideration the cause and effects of a particular behavior. Consequently, the person-centered planning centers on the expression of the child’s dreams and other challenges that the child perceived to have within his or her family. After such, a behavior support plan will be created which is perfectly in accordance to the specific needs of the child.

Achieving Greatness

Achieving Greatness Greatness is something achieved by going above and beyond the norms of being great. Grandpa, Benjamin Slater, has achieved greatness through his hard work, generosity, and loving personality. Ben was always doing things to help others, including his children, grandchildren, and neighbors. He was the person other people would come to if they ever needed anything. Even if it was to fix a leaking sink, or they needed some advice.Benjamin hard work was shown through his actions at Good-Year Tire and Rubber Company making tires and running dangerous machinery. He worked there most of his life until he retired at the age of 62. He also had some under the table jobs fixing houses, cars, or anything that needed fixed. He had a garden in his back yard, when he would get home from work he would go straight back to his shed and start gardening. He was also on a Tuesday night bowling league every week.Every day Ben would get up early, go to the diner just down the street from his house, and have a cup or two of coffee. He would always bring back cinnamon rolls for his family. While my parents were going through a divorce, my grandpa gave my father a place to stay. He provided for two extra people, and did not make my father pay rent. Ben has shown plenty of generosity to his family and others. He attended church every Sunday at Kansas Avenue united Methodist Church in Topeka, Kansas. He would put a check in the offering every time.Ben's loving personality was shown when he was in the garden, playing with his dog, Duke, or watching his grandchildren. Ben never wanted to see a frown on anyone's face. He would do anything and everything just to see someone smile. He took all of his grandchildren out for ice cream when we were at family events. Ben's loving personality really showed when he was tit his children. The love he had for his children was doubled due to the loss of their mother, his wife Marilyn Slater in 1995.Benjamin took on a very hard role, of loving and taking care of five children. In June of 2005, Benjamin Slater left behind a name that others would be proud of. He showed bravery and strength in the hard times, love and compassion when his family needed it, and kind and generous hands in times of helping. In addition, was willing to do anything just to keep someone happy. In conclusion, Benjamin has achieved greatness through his actions towards his family and others.