Langer Article Critique Essay - 703 Words

Reflecting on Practice: using learning journals in higher and continuing education Teachers College Reflecting on Practice: using learning journals in higher and continuing education Langer (2002) central focus is plainly stated in the introduction, which is â€Å"how the use of journals impacted the learning process of adult non-traditional students and how this impact compared to that of traditional students†. The purpose of this article critique is to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Langer (2002) article. The body of the critique will develop the five major elements, which begin with the research question/problem to include the author’s purpose for writing the article. The next element is the conceptual framework,†¦show more content†¦However, the use of learning journals in technology fields in higher education among non-traditional students is lacking. From these statements the reviewer can determine that the review of literature is appropriate and critically analyzes published learning journals by the use of summaries and comparisons. The methodology section was explained in sufficient detail. It allowed its readers to address the research questions/problems. Langer (2002) uses two principle modes of inquiry, which are: review of learning journals submitted by students; and interviewing selected students who completed the course. The population was identified and selected by using three components in the process. The interview guide that was provided to two researchers, and not the interviewees, is an indication that the results would prove reliable. The results from the interviews allowed the researchers to further assess the significance and relative successes of the participant journals. The results and findings were clearly explained and examined all aspects of the study. Langer (2002) gives a clear table indicating the demographic variables of ten students who took part in the study. The nine interview questions offered a review of how the students responded toward the use of journals in the course. Some common themes emerged from the journal readings and interview question responses. The implications of the results and findings wereShow MoreRelatedJournaling Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pagesevaluation of Langer’s (2002) article is to find the schemes he employed to acquire knowledge on how adult’s student respond to demand computer class, reflect critically, in summation, the contrast between non-traditional and traditional students about the use of deviations journals in the field. The focal point of the study casts light on the strength and weaknesses portrayed in his report on the use of journaling among traditional and non-conventual students (Langer, 2002). The construction ofRead MoreBreakfast At Tiffany s By Holly Golightly1349 Words   |  6 Pagespursuing a life of domesticity and only by being pursued by men will Holly ever find herself. Initially, she seems to break the stereotypes of 1960’s womanhood, but one look into Paul’s baby blue eyes and she snaps into predictability. According to an article printed in 1957, at least a third of female college students were dropping out every year to pursue marriage over career (Riesman). A survey in 1958 found that 80% of high school and college girls believed that homemaking should be their primary goalRead MoreThe First Gender Identity Clinic1862 Words   |  8 Pagessexual behaviors involving cross-dressing† and these feelings caused clinically significant impairment. (American Psychiatric Association, 2000, p. 582). Critiques of the DSM-IV Gender Nonconforming Diagnoses The most prominent critique of GID is that it suggested that there is a normal, non-pathologized way to express gender. In their article Langer and Martin (2004) write, â€Å"Cross-gender identification may in fact be statistically deviant, but there is no evidence that it is a dysfunction† (p.11)Read More The Legitimacy of Electronic Scholarly Publishing Essay example3539 Words   |  15 Pagesindustry, for its impact will be presented as quite inevitable. The question is how can electronic publishing have the same impact as traditional publishing, i. e., if the author publishes an article in an e-journal or and h-journal, will this publication be given the same weight as someone elses article which has been published in a traditional print journal? Background The first task is to define electronic publishing. In its most basic form, electronic publishing is any type of publishingRead MoreCritique of Quantitative Study: Stress of a Police Job2377 Words   |  9 PagesCritique of Quantitative Study Introduction This article makes the point that police work has been seen as job that has become very stressful. In the eyes of the author it has turned into a profession that has high levels of stress that are causing the police officers to act out of character. It also state that there are also long term effects that these officers go through and are having everyday as they deal with the job. This article explores the idea if stress remains a constant. It alsoRead MoreBeyond Visual Metaphor. a New Typology of Visual Rhetoric in Advertising9528 Words   |  39 PagesMarketing Theory http://mtq.sagepub.com/ Beyond Visual Metaphor: A New Typology of Visual Rhetoric in Advertising Barbara J. Phillips and Edward F. McQuarrie Marketing Theory 2004 4: 113 DOI: 10.1177/1470593104044089 The online version of this article can be found at: http://mtq.sagepub.com/content/4/1-2/113 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Marketing Theory can be found at: Email Alerts: http://mtq.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://mtqRead MoreThe Impact Of Black Friday On American Symbols, Values And Interests6556 Words   |  27 Pagesoverview of both the American experience in conducting foreign policy and the nature of the old-new enemy might be helpful to prompt the discussion of the question. With the beginning of the Cold War, America’s interventionist foreign policy was critique-inspiring. As its name implies, the Cold War was a tactic to avoid a direct confrontation with the Soviet Union—another emerging superpower. It precisely meant a state of waging war by proxy through the use of other tactics and means than those involvedRead MoreLiterature Review on Consumer Behaviour16053 Words   |  65 PagesIn order to develop a framework for the study consumer behaviour it is helpful to begin by considering the evolution of the field of consumer research and the different paradigms of thought that have influenced the discipline. As described in this article, a set of dimensions can be identified in the literature, which can be used to characterize and differentiate, the various perspectives on consumer research. It is argued that consumer behaviour itself emerged as a distinct field of study during theRead MorePsychology and Ob9277 Words   |  38 Pagesartif icial intelligence is considered __________ research. a) pure c) longitudinal b) applied d) none of the above ANS: a DIFF: 2 PG: 1-5 TYPE: A OB: 6 W 18. Dr. Langer is treating a college student for depression in his private practice. Most likely Dr. Langer is a(n) __________ psychologist. a) counseling c) educational b) school d) clinical ANS: d DIFF: 2 PG: 1-6 TYPE: A OB: 2 19. Jean, a divorced mother with two childrenRead MoreMethods of Qualitative of Data Collection19658 Words   |  79 Pagesvocabulary and grammatical structure of the words while considering the individual situation and the overall cultural context† (p. 570). Thus the focus on generating accurate and meaningful data through translation processes is paramount. In another article on translating, Temple and Young (2004) address three primary issues: (a) whether to identify the translation act in the research report; (b) whether it matters if the researcher is also the translator; and (c) whether to involve the translator in

Morality without God Essay - 1303 Words

Morality without God This question begins by assuming morals were created entirely by God and not just approved of by God. It also bypasses the possibility that there is no such God and man created morals using the authority intrinsic in the idea of a God in order to enforce them; thus raising the possibility that morals are learned but also partly innate and instinctual to humankind. The ideas raised target those who have no religious persuasion, namely those who consider themselves to be atheist or agnostic. The claim implicit in the question (in assuming that God exists) is that all morality and sound ethical values stem from religion, without which motivation†¦show more content†¦It has therefore been assumed that without a higher authority of God or Gods, threatening punishment and offering reward, that moral depravity would run rife through the world’s streets. Our post-modern (particularly Western) society has seen a decline in religious conformity that has, in the last century been echoed throughout the world partly through advances in communication, travel and the subsequent mixing of cultures. This then raises the question of whether there has been a decline also in morality. Certainly there has been a tangible change in valued morals that could not have been predicted by Plato or Moses as he stood reading the Ten Commandments which simplified morality to ‘Do not steal’, ‘Do not lie’ etcetera. ‘Do not kill’ has been interpreted fairly loosely when concerning war, particularly religiously motivated wars, abortion, euthanasia and capital punishment. Society has evolved to partly accept many of these technically immoral acts. Discussions still surge onwards as to the moral implications of abortion and euthanasia and whether they can be justified. The morality of religiously motivated ideas such as the Spanish Inquisition; torture and death inflicted upon human lives in the name of God can be called intoShow MoreRelatedDebate On Morality With And Without God1046 Words   |  5 PagesSTEP II: PAPER OUTLINE Topic of debate: Morality with/without God I. Introduction: a. Throughout my life I have been involved in a dynamic battle that always comes back to one question: Is there such a thing as â€Å"God†? I have been raised up in a pretty much non-practicing Christian home. Growing up in this type of lifestyle I have encountered a multitude of different belief systems that were either Secular or Christian-like. But with this debate of if God is real or not, I have come across the issueRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Divine Command Theory Essay1665 Words   |  7 PagesTheory â€Å"If God does not exist, then everything is permitted,† in other words, if there turns out to be no God then nothing is morally wrong. Someone who would believe a statement such as this one would most likely be in agreement with the Divine Command Theory---the reason being that the main claim in this theory is, all that is morally right, is right because God commands it so. Therefore in order to believe in the Divine Command Theory, one would need to be a strong believer in God---and wouldRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Divine Command Theory1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe Divine Command Theory dictates that â€Å"An act is morally required just because it is commanded by God, and immoral just because God forbids it (Shafer-Landau 65).† This view is often accepted by religious people as the basis for morality; the morality of an action is determined by whether or not it is commanded by God. However, there are multiple problems presented by this line of thinking. One of the most common arguments against this theory is known as the Euthyphro Dilemma, derived from Plato’sRead MoreReligion and Morality1263 Wor ds   |  6 Pagesï » ¿RELIGION AND MORALITY (i)Examine the views of scholars concerning the idea that religion and morality are linked. In this essay I am going to be looking at all the different view points on why some people may think religion and morality are linked. I will talk about a few things that link them such as conscience, divine command ethics, Kant s view and Aquinas view. Many people believe that morality is based upon religion and the rules written in the Bible and other holy books, althoughRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Divine Command Theory1488 Words   |  6 Pagesway, why? Christian morality is centered on assessing the ethical implications of us as people. Who we ought and be, and what actions we ought to take or avoid based on an understanding of the scripture and relevant human experiences. I do not subscribe to the divine command theory (DCT) of ethics, as I believe you can have ethics without God. The DCT proposes that what is morally right is what God has commanded (for example, love thy neighbor), and what is forbidden by God is morally wrong (i.eRead MoreThe Divine Command Theory And The Doctrine Dilemma Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction – The Divine Command Theory is the idea that morality is ingrained in the nature and command of God, and the Euthyphro Dilemma is one of the most common arguments refuting the Divine Command Theory. The argument was inspired by Plato’s Euthyphro dialogue, which contains the question â€Å"Are morally good acts willed by god because they are morally good? Or are morally good acts, morally good because they are willed by god?† (Euthyphro, 10a). This question raises large problems for the DivineRead MoreCan Science Explain And Account For Human Morality?1011 Words   |  5 Pagesaccount for Human Morality? Introduction Morality has long since been a topic of debate, with hundreds of branches to the ever-expanding argument. One area of debate is that of science’s power to explain and account for the history of Human morality. In the question: â€Å"Can Science Explain and Account for Human Morality?† we also have another question: â€Å"Is the foundation of morality natural, or supernatural?†. In this question, there is a dichotomy between the origin of morality being scientificRead MoreEssay Monotheism vs. Polytheism1577 Words   |  7 Pagessystems. Monotheism is the belief in one god and polytheism is the belief in more one than one god. The concept of morality can and does exist within cultures that have only one god, as well as cultures that have multiple gods. Without morality, the world would be a place of extreme chaos and pandemonium. However, the foundation for morality within polytheistic religions is quite contradictory to the foundation for morality with monoth eistic religions. 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Firstly, he addressed the categorical imperative;Read MoreThe Relationship Between Morality and Religion in the Dalai Lama and John Pope Ii Perspective1609 Words   |  7 PagesThe Relationship Between Morality and Religion In the Dalai Lama and John Pope II Perspective The complexities on the issue of the relationship between religion and morality is intriguing in the sense that there is no right or wrong answer, but merely your own intrinsic belief. The 14th Dalai Lama, spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhists, believes that you cant have religion without morals, but you can have morals without religion. This seems to contrast with the view of John Paul II, in the sense

Segmentation and Targeting for DSO Segment

Question: Discuss about the Segmentation and Targeting for DSO Segment. Answer: Introduction Marketing of the products and services are the soul of the economy in the society. All the organizations therefore perform its basic functions to satisfy their primary stakeholders, the consumers and the owners. The organizations create utility when the inputs and the components transform into the finished products. Marketing provides significant inputs to the specified consumers preferences, but the production has the ultimate responsibility of creating the utility in the market (Scott 2015). This report will target to evaluate the marketing and segmentation of The Darwin Symphony Orchestra (DSO) as the marketing team plays a significant role in the annual revenue generation and is also responsible for the promotion of events and the selling of tickets. Not only that, the marketing team is also responsible for the sponsorship generation and fund raising. Segmentation and targeting The DSO is one of the famous orchestra in Australia founded by Martin Jarvis. The aim of the segmentation and targeting of the market process is to develop the sales and marketing in a more effectual way. Both of these can be done with the development of a better understanding of the consumer base and the potential prospects, also communicating with the target market with the right message, at the right time (Goeldner 2016). All of these need to be done in a cost effective way. The segmentation of the marketing is required to create different groups with the same profile so that targeting those could be easier to communicate with the chose one in future. This segmentation generally remains the same whether a B2B or a B2C market is being operated. However there are few critical factors that need to be taken care of. The B2B business is the one that sells to the other businesses and a B2C business sells directly to the consumers. However, both the businesses exist in the market and it is gradually being more common for the single businesses. Therefore the DSO needs to divide its consumer base into different segments so that they can segregate them for the B2b and B2C purposes. Segment Evaluation The market segmentation is necessary for every business. It is a procedure that helps the organization to divide the target business market that is a combination the potential and existing consumers into segments on the basis of similar characteristics. While dividing the target market, the scholars try to find common traits such as common interests, needs, similar lifestyles or similar demographic needs. The primary aim of market segmentation is to recognize the high yield sections which basically are the segments that tend to be the most profitable one to have the potential to develop (Marshall 2014). There are different methods to section the market. The business to business or the B2B suppliers may segment it into diverse types of countries or businesses. However, when it comes to the Business to consumer suppliers may divide the market into lifestyle segments, behavioral segments, demographic segments and other significant segments. The market segments presume that dissimilar ma rket segments require dissimilar marketing plans such as different prices, offers, distribution and promotional strategies or other marketing variables. The segmentation is not only designed for the identification of the beneficial segments but also developing the key segments to understand the requirements of specific segments and their motivations to purchase. The segmentation evaluation is basically used for supporting the development of the market strategy and the planning. This analysis is also seen as the STP approach which stands for Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning for providing the framework of the objectives of the market plan. Therefore, when a market is segmented, the services and the products are placed in a way that syncs with the specified target market. There are several methods for segmenting the market; however the most important one is the selection of the base. In this process the analysts find out the procedure that can reduces the differences between the members of a same segment and increases the difference between different segments. The segmentation base can be different such as demographic, geographic, geo-demographic, psychographics and behavioral. The geographic segmentation segments the market according to the geographic criteria; the demographic depends on the different variables such as socio economic status, age, family size etc, the psychographic segmentation is generally measured by different interests, activities and opinions of the consumers, and behavioral segmentation divides the consumers on the basis of their observed behaviors (James and Rose-Ackerman 2013). The Darwin Symphony Orchestra has reached the target audience throughout each corner of the country. The organization not only performs in its base territory Darwin, it also a travelling history and visited Alice Springs, the Devils Marbles and Simpsons Gap in Central Australia, Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Nhulunbuy on the Gove Peninsula, Pine Creek, Katherine, Yirrkala, Milingimbi and Maningrida, and Kununurra in Western Australia (Dso.org.au. 2017). The audience of the organization is mostly the intellectual section of the society who has a profound taste of music. As the organization performs in both the individual and corporate shows, they have a number of packages that fulfill the requirements of the clients. However most of the clients of the organization are the B2C customers who book tickets or shows directly for the orchestra shows. However the company invites both the corporate and individual chair endowment in their show. Therefore the orchestra invites the supports who can endow a certain position in their show for certain amount of money as the sponsorship. Therefore the orchestra will promote their business throughout the year or the amount of time the contract has been done. The company different such B2B consumers who have booked the individual chair endowment, 250 Club membership, the DSO bequest and gifting opportunities, the payroll contributions done by several companies, and other instrument sponsors. These partnering opportunities are not only individual partnerships but DSO also has corporate partnerships. In their corporate partnerships there are options of getting the principal player chair endowment that are credited to all their concerts and their official website. There are such other programs like educational program supports that can be designed for providing the students to engage them with their favorite musical instruments, The DSO gift Tix that creates the opportunities of partnership between the corporate compan ies and the organizations, the other plans that enhances the chances of corporate partnership opportunities or the B2B customers of the non-profit organizations (Dso.org.au. 2017). The market segmentation of The Darwin Symphony Orchestra can also be understood with a careful analysis of their macro and micro environmental factors. From the following PEST analysis the business environment of the organization can be understood: The political factor always influences any cultural production. There are several political factors that have a huge impact on the organization and business management of the organization while influencing the cultural, arts and the creative industries (Trimarchi 2016). There are general cultural strategies and methods such as the labor law, taxation policy, and other political situation in Australia that are supposed to provide the stability factor for the business environment of the DSO. In this case the political environment is quite stable; therefore it does not have influence the business environment in a negative way. The economical factor is the most significant one to influence the cultural sector. Australia is one of the largest capitalist economies in the world and it is also one of the significant countries with the cultural values. It has also been noticed that the cultural development and the progress of the country has been directly proportioned in the historical development as well. The socio cultural factor has a huge impact on the business environment of the DSO. The socio cultural environment of Australia is quite open-minded and it helps a lot in the development of the organization (Trimarchi 2016). The value the art and culture, therefore the DSO has performed almost all over the country. The technological advancements have enhanced the business of The Darwin Symphony Orchestra as it has made their performance and businesses more exotic. An orchestra performance requires a lot of technical equipments for the sound and light arrangements on the stage, therefore the technological advancements have more positive impacts on their performance (Trimarchi 2016). Business to Consumer Target The orchestra marketing has a different language of it altogether. For the business to consumer market is where the business directly makes transaction with the consumers. For the business to consumer target The Darwin Symphony Orchestra should integrate the orchestra marketing with the consumer marketing in a unified way of the market segments. This is where the marketer of the orchestra should select the target market segments and allocate the resources to the marketing tasks. The orchestra has several segments of consumers, however the most important ones are the first time ticket buyers who are about get the musical experiences for the first time. However there are several other consumers who have subscribed to the organization over the years; the consumers, who have purchased tickets for few selected shows, the ones who have purchased tickets for a single show (Atherton 2014). Therefore the marker of the business to consumer should have different marketing plans for all of the s egments. However, the very first thing that the marketer need is to know its audience. After having a clear understanding about the consumers of the orchestra the marketer should have a clear perspective of the purchasing behavior of the consumers. The organization needs to analyze the buying behaviors before fixing the marketing strategy as the concept of marketing puts significance on creating the marketing mix of the company that will satisfy the consumers, therefore it will be easier to understand what, when, how and where the consumer wants the specific service or the product. In this case The Darwin Symphony Orchestra should plan a more effective marketing plan for the new consumers. In addition to that while creating the marketing plan, it is necessary for the marketer to put him or herself in the shoes of the audience and understand the needs and wants of the audience. If the organization is targeting the new consumers or the first time buyers they should work with the four Ps of the marketing mix and focus more on the benefits of music for the audience, not on the features of their music. Business to Business Target The segmentation of consumers is not a new business practice but the skill and techniques have evolved with the course of time. However the business to business targets do not really face the same rush of the consumer data like the business to consumer segments do. However, the segmenting the consumers into such groups provides the marketer the opportunity to generate an additional value for their target consumers. The business to business consumers for The Darwin Symphony Orchestra are the sponsors and the collaborators who have invested money in the orchestra. This segment should get more importance as the sponsors are the financial providers of the organization. In this scenario, the partnership between both the companies should develop in a steady manner so that it can lead to increase more audiences for the show and more involvement from other partners. The sponsors should also be segmented in different segments (Atherton 2014). The Darwin Symphony Orchestra already has segmente d its sponsors as individual and corporate collaborators, but for more clear understanding the target market should be divided on the basis of money they have invested. In this way, it will be easier for the organization of differentiate and create different marketing strategy for each segment. In this plan the marketers will target the corporate collaborators more; therefore there should be clear segmentation of the target market depending on the marketing mix of the marketplace. There are several global companies which would like to pair with The Darwin Symphony Orchestra for engaging in different communities around Australia. The marketers should develop a strategic plan especially for this segment of the market. Positioning and Customer Behavior In order to have an efficient and effective business, the segmentation targeting positioning or the STP is a necessity. The segmentation of the market is the grouping of the consumers into different segments which have certain common requirements or are expected to respond in a similar way to a marketing action plan. The segmentation can be done in numerous ways. The most considered factors in the segmentation are the demographics, psychographics, behaviors, and the geographic locations. After the segmentation process is done the marketer needs to do the targeting which involves choosing the target. As the market is already segmented in different sections, therefore it is necessary to develop particular strategies for the target market. Lastly, the positioning is significant as it involves the development of the service and the brand image in the consumers (Berkovi 2016). It can also involve the improvement of the perception of the consumers about their previous experience with the b rand. An effective positioning of the market will include a clear understanding of the competing brands. It also requires recognizing the differential advantages which will help in delivering the potential benefits to the target market against all the competition. Conclusion In conclusion it can be said that The Darwin Symphony Orchestra needs a clear understanding of all the segments of the target market prior to make the marketing plan. Once the organization decides on the target market, they can have a clear perspective of the different marketing strategy that they will create for the future. This study has concluded that The Darwin Symphony Orchestra will be concentrating on the first time consumers and the corporate collaborators, therefore the marketing strategy should be developed accordingly. Reference List and Bibliography Atherton, M., 2014.Australian Made, Australian Played: Handcrafted Musical Instruments from the Didjeridu to the Synthesizer. BookBaby. Barone, A., 2016.A New Economic Theory of Public Support for the Arts: Evolution, Veblen and the Predatory Arts. Routledge. Berkovi, J., 2016.Effective Client Management in Professional Services: How to Build Successful Client Relationships. Routledge. Buchness, J.A., 2015. A Blue Ocean Strategy for the American Symphony Orchestra. Burland, K. and Pitts, S. eds., 2014.Coughing and clapping: Investigating audience experience. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Carroll, M. and Koehne, J., 2013. Seizing the initiative: zinfonia and the digitization of classical music publishing.Music Reference Services Quarterly,16(2), pp.69-83. Cheung, A.N.G.E.L.A., 2013. MOOCsthe Australian state of play.Academic Leadership Series,4, pp.103-112. Dso.org.au. (2017). Darwin Symphony Orchestra. [online] Available at: https://dso.org.au [Accessed 8 Apr. 2017]. Ellis, C.D., 2014. Seeing Investors Reality as Our Professions Reality. InCFA Institute Conference Proceedings Quarterly(Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 1-7). CFA Institute. Goeldner, C.R., 2016. Stanley C. Ploga renowned travel market researcher.Anatolia,27(1), pp.120-125. James, E. and Rose-Ackerman, S., 2013.The Non-Profit Enterprise in Market Economics. Taylor Francis. Lee, M., 2014, January. Mission and markets? The viability of hybrid social ventures. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2014, No. 1, p. 13958). Academy of Management. Marshall, J.T., 2014. Forging Successful Non-Profit Partnerships Following Crisis and Disaster: OC Haley Boulevard's Story. Molnar, A., 2013.School commercialism: From democratic ideal to market commodity. Routledge. Scott, C., 2015. Practical Applications of Goals-Based Investing for Private Clients. Trimarchi, M., 2016. Market Options and Public Action for Opera. InThe Artful Economist(pp. 171-184). Springer International Publishing. Wall, L., 2016.Living in an Artistic Labour Market: The Experiences of Gig Musicians in Calgary(Doctoral dissertation, University of Calgary). Wirtz, J., 2016.Winning in Service Markets: Success through People, Technology and Strategy. World Scientific.

Mind and Stout free essay sample

In the essay â€Å"Selections from Reading Lolita in Tehran† by Azar Nafisi, the author writes of her experiences living in Iran under the power of its totalitarian regime. Martha Stout is a renowned clinical psychologist and author of â€Å"When I Woke Up Tuesday Morning, It Was Friday†, in this essay, Stout describes the different forms of psychological dissociation and several stories of her patients fighting trauma. Stout introduces the topic of psychological dissociation and the various degrees it entails, including, play, daydream, and distraction. A ‘trigger’ that causes a person to mentally flee the reality shared with mankind, into an individually altered reality, known as psychological dissociation. In Both essays, there is a shared struggle to overcome troublesome reality, by Stout’s patients and Nafisi, in attempt to lead fulfilling lives. A shared concept from both essays is the presence of ‘darkness’ in different forms, as trauma for Stout’s patients, and in relation to Nafisi and her students, the oppression of women by the regime. We will write a custom essay sample on Mind and Stout or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nafisi and Stout describe the power of ones imagination, and in these cases its role as a form of escape from troubled reality. Lastly, both authors write of the importance of one’s sense of self and individuality, Stout talks of how trauma can cause a disconnection from oneself and the world around them, relating to Nafisi’s struggle to retain individualism. The power of ones imagination is a key factor for both authors in the attempt to create fulfilling lives for there patients, students, and selves. Through Nafisi’s essay, she writes of her time living in Iran, under oppression from the totalitarian regime. As a woman Nafisi and her students were required to wear veils and long robes, and were born into lives where they were given very little choice in any aspect of life. They were to live, as they were expected, leaving no room for imagination. Instead of sufficing to this brutal and inhumane reality, they create a book club; it serves as a sort alternate world, a sanctuary of flourishing imagination and individuality. The book club was held weekly at Nafisi’s home and consisted of seven of her â€Å"best and most dedicated students†; the club would discuss books that would not be accepted in Iranian universities. These books included â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, â€Å"Invitation to a Beheading†, â€Å"A Thousand and One Nights†, â€Å"Pride and Prejudice†, and several other western classics. Nafisi states, â€Å"Perhaps one way of finding out the truth was to do what we did: to try to imaginatively articulate these two worlds and, through that process, give shape to our vision and identity. † The previous passage from Nafisi represents the personal growth underwent by Nafisi and her students. This better understanding and ability to express their imaginations would have been impossible if not for Nafisi’s book club. The importance of imagination expressed by Nafisi is also a strong topic from Martha Stout. Stout speaks positively of imagination and encourages the application of it, â€Å"In the interest of play, a child can, in a heartbeat, leave himself behind, become someone or something else, on general things at once. Reality is even more plastic in childhood. Pretend games are real and wonderful and consuming†. But stout does not speak plainly on imagination alone; she also discusses thoroughly, mind states created by ones imagination. Stout provides examples form several of her patients who use their imagination in order to escape past traumatic events. One patient of Stouts, a man named Seth says of his escape method that, â€Å"The abyss part, with the sharks and all, that’s frightening. But for most of my life it was really no more frightening than then things that were on the beach, no more frightening than reality, I guess is what I’m saying. So floating in the middle of the ocean was really the best place, even though I guess that sounds strange. Also, being there takes care of the physical pain; theres no more pain when I’m there. †(Stout 396) This passage is from Seth, he is describing his imaginary ocean that he would escape too rather than face the troubles of reality. As Seth escapes too his ocean, Nafisi and her students similarly escape too there book club. These methods of using ones imagination too escape troubled realities, were caused by different forms of ‘darkness’. For Nafisi and her students, this ‘darkness’ came in the form of the Iranian government and the oppression of women. Nafisi states in her book that, â€Å"They had harassed and limited me in all manner of ways, monitoring my visitors, controlling my actions, refusing a long overdue tenure; and when I resigned, they infuriated me by suddenly commiserating and by refusing to accept my resignation. †(Nafisi 253) Nafisi is speaking of the harassment she would endure as woman professor in an Iranian university, where she eventually lost her job for not conforming to  Iranian laws and wearing her veil. Unfair treatment towards women such as this is what led Nafisi to start this book club and share her hope for freedom with a select few students. In relation to Stout’s definition of dissociation, this oppression of women would be seen as the ‘trigger’ and their book club is the form of escape. For Stout’s patients, this ‘darkness’ came in the form of traumatic events. These traumatic events, unique in detail to every of her patients, all lead to different forms of escape from troublesome reality. An example from Stout’s essay is one patient, Julia; she grew up in a house with abusive parents and was clueless to this. She dissociated the memory of her abusive childhood, which resulted in her becoming unable to realize this was her reason for attempting suicide and living with depression. The mind state I’m referring too is psychological dissociation; Stout explains that dissociation is caused by traumatic events, which a person’s mind attempts to bury. Though it would seem that both Nafisi’s students and Stout’s patients used the same method, Nafisi and her student’s were not in a form of dissociation. The reason for this is that Mafiosi’s students willingly chose to create this book club, and altered world, as a form of escape. Wherein dissociation, the person is not mentally aware that reality is being altered, and there escape is brought forth unconsciously by their mind. Of course for every being the most essential need for a person is to have a sense of self or feeling of individuality. Every person is born with a blank slate, and throughout life they shape and mold themselves, into a unique individual. But in order too keep a sense of individuality and have a true feeling of ‘self’, one must be free to make there own choices without restraint. The factor restraining Stout’s patients are past traumatic events, which have disrupted their brains, and holding them back from lives with connections to themselves and the world. Stout says that â€Å"†¦the ability to dissociate from reality, which functions as a life-preserving defense mechanism during times of stress in childhood, can develop into a way of life that leads to emotional detachment and prolonged disengagement with the world. †(Stout 380) In this passage Stout discusses how dissociation creates a disconnection from reality, making it unable for them to truly be themselves. She also says that this dissociation from reality leads to isolation, and detachment from a persons self and the world. The idea’s put in place by Stout are given factual basis from the experiences of Nafisi and her students, in their fight for individuality. Under the totalitarian regime of the Iranian government, women are given few rights and choices to determine their lives; they are expected to live as commanded. The feeling of individualism is absent to these women, who are required to dress identically in robes from head to toe and veils. In a world where women are required to dress as told, and conduct themselves according to the hierarchy of a male’s world. A world such as this leaves women hopeless in obtaining a sense of individualism. Nafisi offers this book club as a short escape for her students, where they could express their personal thoughts freely. â€Å"When my students came into that room, they took of more than their scarves and robes. Gradually, each one gained an outline and a shape, becoming her own inimitable self. †(Nafisi 250) The previous passage perfectly depicts the sense of self that was gained through this book club. The women out of there identical robes and veils, become distinct from one another, not just another robe, but a person, wearing clothes of there choice. This club may have given them a sense of freedom from the regime, and allowed them to obtain a feeling of individualism. This struggle to overcome troublesome realities, in attempt to lead fulfilling lives, is shared by Nafisi and her students, as well as Stout’s patients. Both were presented with a form of ‘darkness’, Nafisi’s oppression from the totalitarian regime and Stout’s patients trauma. But through the power of imagination and the courageous defiance against the regime for Nafisi, and traumatic pasts for Stout’s patients, they were able to retain a sense of self. Opening doors, to lives defined by personal choices, creating individuals with true connections.

Free Essays on The Influence Of Edgar Allen Poe’s Life On His Writings

The life events of Edgar Allan Poe greatly influenced the style and content of his work. There are many common motifs or allusions that are seen time and again in Poe’s writing. One motif that appears in Poe’s literature is the Old man-father figure (Basuray 1). This figure is usually seen as evil and unwanted by others. This is probably because he seemed to hate all the men in his life. Poe’s natural father, David Poe, died in 1910 at the age of 36 when Edgar was only one year old. He was left with his pregnant mother who was an actress. Their family struggled very much. Later Poe said that he felt deserted by his natural father (Poe, Edgar 2-3). Poe despised his stepfather John Allen. They argued frequently and John rarely showed his affection toward Edgar. â€Å"†¦[He] even described his son as ‘miserable, sulky, and ill-tempered’† (Poe, Edgar 3). The Allen’s moved to Virginia, then London, and eventually, after John’s company went under, to New York. Edgar had bitter feelings toward John because of all the relocating. He disliked the Weigel 2 boarding school in England and felt lonely and unwanted everywhere else. He later brought shame on his family because of his alcoholic addiction and army ejection. He was disowned by John Allen and received a letter desiring â€Å"no further communication with yourself on my part† (Drugs and alcohol 3). Poe’s stepfather should’ve been the role model in his life but he instead became an evil character in many of his stories because of the tension in their relationship. â€Å"In Poe’s writing the old man figure may retain knowledge but he is far different than the contemporary definition of the old man archetype† (Basuary 5). He showed a certain evil in him that had never been established in a reoccurring character before. â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† is a great example of this reoccurring character. The narrator hated the â€Å"eye† but not the man. Although... Free Essays on The Influence Of Edgar Allen Poe’s Life On His Writings Free Essays on The Influence Of Edgar Allen Poe’s Life On His Writings The life events of Edgar Allan Poe greatly influenced the style and content of his work. There are many common motifs or allusions that are seen time and again in Poe’s writing. One motif that appears in Poe’s literature is the Old man-father figure (Basuray 1). This figure is usually seen as evil and unwanted by others. This is probably because he seemed to hate all the men in his life. Poe’s natural father, David Poe, died in 1910 at the age of 36 when Edgar was only one year old. He was left with his pregnant mother who was an actress. Their family struggled very much. Later Poe said that he felt deserted by his natural father (Poe, Edgar 2-3). Poe despised his stepfather John Allen. They argued frequently and John rarely showed his affection toward Edgar. â€Å"†¦[He] even described his son as ‘miserable, sulky, and ill-tempered’† (Poe, Edgar 3). The Allen’s moved to Virginia, then London, and eventually, after John’s company went under, to New York. Edgar had bitter feelings toward John because of all the relocating. He disliked the Weigel 2 boarding school in England and felt lonely and unwanted everywhere else. He later brought shame on his family because of his alcoholic addiction and army ejection. He was disowned by John Allen and received a letter desiring â€Å"no further communication with yourself on my part† (Drugs and alcohol 3). Poe’s stepfather should’ve been the role model in his life but he instead became an evil character in many of his stories because of the tension in their relationship. â€Å"In Poe’s writing the old man figure may retain knowledge but he is far different than the contemporary definition of the old man archetype† (Basuary 5). He showed a certain evil in him that had never been established in a reoccurring character before. â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† is a great example of this reoccurring character. The narrator hated the â€Å"eye† but not the man. Although...

Study for a Literature Final Using a Concept Map

Study for a Literature Final Using a Concept Map When you study for a big exam in literature class, youll soon find its easy to become overwhelmed as you review all the works that youve covered during the semester or the year. You must come up with a way to remember which authors, characters, and plots go with each piece of work. One good memory tool to consider is a color-coded concept map. Using a Concept Map to Study for Your Final As you create the memory tool, you should keep a few things in mind to assure the best study results: 1). Read the material. Don’t try to rely on study guides such as Cliff’s Notes to prepare for a literature exam. Most literature exams will reflect the specific discussions you had in class about the works that you covered. For instance, a piece of literature may have several themes, but your teacher may not have focused on the themes covered in a study guide. Use your own notesnot Cliffs Notesto create a color-coded mind map of each piece of literature you read during your exam period. 2). Connect authors with stories. One of the big mistakes that students make when studying for a literature exam is forgetting which author goes with each piece of work. It’s an easy mistake to make. Use a mind map and be sure to include the author as a major element of your map. 3.) Connect characters with stories. You might think that you’ll remember which character goes with each story, but long lists of characters can be easy to confuse. Your teacher might decide to focus on a minor character. Again, a color-coded mind map can provide a visual tool to help you memorize characters. 4.) Know antagonists and protagonists. The main character of a story is called the protagonist. This character may be a hero, a person coming of age, a character involved in a journey of some sort, or a person seeking love or fame. Typically, the protagonist will face a challenge in the form of an antagonist. The antagonist will be the person or thing that acts as a force against the protagonist. The antagonist exists to prevent the main character from achieving his/her goal or dream. Some stories can have more than one antagonist, and some people disagree on the character who fills the role of antagonist. For example, in Moby Dick, some people view the whale as the non-human antagonist for Ahab, the main character. Others believe that Starbuck is the main antagonist in the story. The point is that Ahab faces challenges to overcome, no matter which challenge is perceived by the reader to be the true antagonist. 5). Know the theme of each book. You probably discussed a major theme in class for each story, so be sure to remember what theme goes with what piece of literature. 6). Know the setting, conflict, and the climax for each work that you have covered. The setting can be a physical location, but it can also include the mood that the location evokes. Make note of a setting that makes the story more foreboding, tense, or cheerful. Most plots center around a conflict. Keep in mind that conflict can take place externally (man against man or thing against man) or internally (emotional conflict within one character). The conflict exists in literature to add excitement to the story. The conflict works like a pressure cooker, building up steam until it results in a big event, like an explosion of emotion. This is the climax of the story.

CAPITAL BUDGETING Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CAPITAL BUDGETING - Research Paper Example Moreover, it is a decision process that focuses on long-term investment for revenue and expenditure. My paper will be based on discussion of United State budgeting as a reference but the framework is applicable to the most part to any budgeting system whether national, state, or local, or whether it is in Europe or any other continent. Budgeting is done as a way of setting objectives and goals, for allocation of the resources essential to attain the objectives, for determining progress toward objectives, identifying inadequacies, and for controlling and integrating the diverse activities carried out by many sub-units within large bureaucracies both public and private (Rubin, 2004). Debt capacity refers to the ability of the government to make required debt service payments and to be able to pay back debt incurred without ruining its reputation either to other states or individuals. Therefore,this section will deal with the speculative issues affecting state debt management and accounts on a state debt financing policies and debt limits. State debt management processes and practices are important factors in the preparation of capital budgeting in order to ensure that the government is able to equalize the level of debt and/or debt services relative to current revenue that an providing entity can support and undue budgetary constraints that can affect the ability of the government to repay the debt on time does not arise. Therefore, when coming up with a capital budget, current expenditures are financed by current revenues while capital expenditures can be financed by borrowed funds. Debt financing is refunded by the cost of using public investments by the taxpa yers on the â€Å"benefit received† principle. The government uses a portion of taxes paid by the taxpayers as a way to ensure future taxpayers bear their â€Å"fair share† as a way to pay the debt incurred to provide public facilities. Secondly, debt capacity is determined

Strategic Human Resource Management - Assignment 1 Essay

Strategic Human Resource Management - Assignment 1 - Essay Example It is in this context that training and development is regarded as one of the important and valuable constituents of SHRM. Training and development not only supports an organisation to compete with its chief rivals, but also assist it to sustain in the 21st century competitive landscape (Lundy & Cowling, 1996). From a generalised perspective, it can be apparently observed that the role of training is to develop the performances of the entire workforce belonging to a specific organisation for smoothly performing their different assigned tasks or jobs. Conversely, it has been viewed that the role of development is to prepare the personnel of an organisation for conducting future responsibilities as well as functions in an effective manner (Torrington & et. al., 2011). The organisations belonging to this modern day context strongly believed that they can avail significant benefits from paying much attention upon the importance of training and development. ... Moreover, certain suitable recommendations will also be provided to the company for enhancing this particular field with the intention of maintaining organisational effectiveness. A Brief Overview of Cathay Pacific Airways Cathay Pacific is often regarded as one of the most dynamic international airlines in the global passenger and cargo airlines industry. Established in Hong Kong, the company currently deals with operations providing passenger along with cargo services to an excess of 110 destinations throughout the globe. The vision of the company has been to become one of the best airlines across the globe. The company was established in the year 1946. Since then it has been incessantly making substantial investments to drive advancement in the aviation industry of Hong Kong and also to enhance the business position of the economy as a local transportation hub. The airline company has been viewed to prioritise the aspect of SHRM functioning through training and development with th e motive of developing the performance of its entire workforce and thus preserve its operational excellence (Cathay Pacific Airways Limited, n.d.). In this similar concern, the airline company has been viewed to invest substantially on training and development with the intention of accomplishing its pre-determined business targets. The various business goals of the company might comprise enhancing profitability along with productivity, increasing market share and most importantly attaining superior competitive position over its chief business market contenders. Driven towards these objectives, the company realised the utmost necessity of emphasising more upon its training and development practices to engage

My Best Friend Essay Example for Free

My Best Friend Essay Believe it or not, my best friend is an elderly woman in her late 70s. Her name is Maria. She is Spanish decent, married, with no children. We couldn’t appear to be more different. Maria and I met at the gym last year. That’s about all we had in common when we met – that we were both active and healthy. Many people would question why I would develop such a close relationship with someone more than twice my age. It was our differences that actually brought us close. Maria had already been through all of the things that I had yet to face in my life, and she had a lot to teach me. I was a ready listener, as I was facing things in my life that I had never experienced before. I needed guidance and friendship, and Maria was like an angel sent to guide me. I enjoy spending time with Maria. She is pleasant all the time and very easy going. I can talk to her about anything, and she seems to know just what to say or when not to say anything at all. She is very confident and doesn’t try to impress anyone by pretending to be someone she is not; perhaps this is why I am so drawn to her. Maria is very happy with her life despite the fact that she never had children and is in the winter of her life. She has given me the opportunity to look at my life in a different perspective and to accept and be proud of all of the choices that I have made, while at the same time offering guidance for my future. Every moment I spend with Maria is a gift. I cherish it. I hope she gains as much from our friendship as I do.

The Left Hand of Darkness :: Left Hand of Darkness Essays

The Left Hand of Darkness      Although the author of The Left Hand of Darkness, Ursula K. Le Guin discussed in the introduction that this book is not extrapolative or a prediction of future, the plots in the book are extraporative to some extent.   Since the story takes place in the past, Ekumenical Year 1490-97, this book is different from other science fictions which the stories take place in the future.   However, the issues that the author deal with in the book are a prediction of the future; it can happen.   Guin also claimed that "if I could have said it non-metaphorically, I would not have written all these words, this novel."   Her metaphoric settings and words confuse whether or not our world is natural.      Since Guin set the story in the past with extraordinary imagination, it was very hard to get into her world from the first chapter, Winter, Hainsh Cycle 93, Ekumenical Year 1490-97.   In the first chapter, the way that Guin introduces the story pulling the readers in mysterious or mythic worlds even beyond any imaginative worlds.   She explains her imaginative worlds in detail every once in a while yet it is not easy to share and to understand her worlds.   The main reason might be the story takes place in the past instead of 'future.'   We normally perceive a mythic future.   And also, we think that we can not change our history.      The author of Utopian and Science Fiction by Women: Worlds of Difference, Naomi Jacobs pointed out that Guin's theme is gender differences and sexuality in the frozen landscape.   In the story, Gethen describes the setting as a place of gender freedom.   Gender issues are sensitive issues in our culture and will remain as it is.   In Guin's imaginative world, men's pregnancy is a natural phenomenon.   This imagination is used in many other books and movies even today.   (For more info, see Jason's paper)   However, Guin's use of the imagination is difficult to share because her imaginative world has already passed.      The theme that Guin discussed in the book was similar to other science fictions.   Death and fear are always the theme in science fiction.   Throughout the story, people died in the frozen landscape and they have fear in their life.

Old Growth Forest Essay

Question: a strong opponent of logging old growth forests Good morning ladies and gentlemen. I am Leeson, and today I am going to talk about whether we should log the old growth forests. Firstly, what are old growth forests? Old growth forests are those where the overstore is in the late mature growth stage with the presence of relatively large old trees, many containing hollows and often with the presence of dieback or dead branches in the crown. They are so important to the human life, as they are like the climate change mitigation. Also, a lot of animals can only live in old growth forests, just like fish can only live in water. In Victoria, we know old growth forests to be â€Å"Forests which contain significant amount of its oldest growth stage in the upper stratum. † What does this mean? It means these forests are historically, culturally, ecologically significant and valuable. Therefore, we human have no reason to log any of the old growth forest. Firstly, the old growth forests mitigate the climate change. Old-growth forests store large amounts of carbon in wood, humus, and peat, they are an important part of carbon sequestration and its impacts on climate change and climate change mitigation. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said in its 2007 report: â€Å"In the long term, a sustainable forest management strategy aimed at maintaining or increasing forest carbon stocks, while producing an annual sustained yield of timber, fibre or energy from the forest, will generate the largest sustained mitigation benefit. As we know, the climate problem is one of the most serious problems that human are facing to, if we keep logging the old growth forests for human living while we are polluting the environment for human development, we will not have a nice future to be with. So stop logging the old growth forest! Secondly, old growth forests are the only home for a lot of animals. Image if I drive a bulldozer through in your home, how would this make you feel? Where would you go? The ecologically value and significance of old- growth-forests is they can do something that other forests cannot do: they act as the home of various forms of wildlife. Without old growth forests, where would they live? The report from Bureau of Rural Sciences from Australian Government said: â€Å"A number of wildlife species are reliant on these types of forest because of the range of nesting hollows and greater structural complexity they have in comparison with forests in earlier stages of development. Obviously logging the old growth forests indicates killing plenty of wildlife, and it is not humane at all! That’s why we shouldn’t log the old growth forests. In conclusion, the old growth forests are acting a important role in nature, not only do they house various forms of wildlife, but they also store more carbon then they emit, so that to mitigate the climate change. Hence, we should not log the old growth forest, for any human use. Thank you!

Eddie loves Catherine Essay

The reason why Eddie loved Catherine so much is because she knew everything about him and had the qualities that Eddie liked. Eddie treated her like a child because he did not want he to realise that she was growing up. Eddie liked this because he could have control over her. At this point this is when the audience realises that Eddie has no hopes except from the hopes of having a woman he can never have. The audience may think that Eddie is selfish because he will not let Catherine lead her own life. By looking at the way eddies personality changes I think that he is having a mid-life crisis. There are different types of relationships in the play: The relationship with Eddie and Catherine is incestuous love. The relationship between Beatrice and Eddie is platonic love. The relationship between Rodolpho and Eddie is they are like rivals trying to get Catherine. The relationship between Marco and Eddie is hatred. The relationship between Alfieri and Eddie that Alfieri is eddies lawyer. I feel that Catherine is partly to blame because she knew everything about Eddie and so she should have realised his feeling to wards her. Also she should have not acted like a child all the time allowing Eddie to have control over her. I feel sorry for Marco because he is a good person trying to give his family a good future but Eddie destroys his plans. I also feel sorry for Rodolpho because he done what everyone does, falls in love. We can tell that he is a good person because he tries to make up with Eddie. I think Beatrice has no self-esteem because she does everything that Eddie tells her and does not stick up for herself. I think that Eddie is helpless. He is obsessed with work and I think that he has no future. I think that because he did not get his only hope that he did not mind dying. I do not feel sorry for Eddie dying because he is a back stabber and should not of done what he done. I think that he is very over protective and over reacted when he found out that Catherine was in love. The audiences’ reaction might be different to mine but I was shocked when Marco killed Eddie because I thought that it might have been Rodolpho that killed him because of all the things that Eddie done to him.

Crown, Cork and Seal in 1989

Crown, Cork and Seal in 1989 Introduction Crown, Cork and Seal Company was one of the metal can industries that dominated the United States market in 1989. It had a market share of seven percent in the metal can industries with Avery as the Crown’s new CEO who was determined to change industry outlook.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Crown, Cork and Seal in 1989 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The five-force analysis of industries determines the attractiveness of a market based on competitive intensity where attractiveness in the five-force analysis of industries refers to the industry’s profitability. Threat of new competitors Industries with high profitability tend to attract many new firms that aim at yielding high returns for their investments. The new firms that enter into the market reduce profitability for all firms in the industry, which leads to perfect competition. The metal container industry in United States repre sented sixty one percent of packaged products in 1989. The presence of a large market share attracted many firms in the industry because of profitability, which was evident in the market. The metal can industry was dominated by five major firms, which had a large market share whose balance was being served by more than a hundred firms. This led to high competition in pricing which resulted to decrease in operating margins for Crown Company and other firms in the industry. Threat of substitute products The threat is caused by existence of other products that are able to substitute the common products in the industry. The threat of substitute products means that customers may prefer alternative products instead of the common products. The metal container industry in 1989 had the threat of substitute products, which split its market share. Glass and plastic containers were the substitute products and they had a market share of thirty nine percent. Absence of substitute products would m ean that metal can industry would have a hundred percent of market share.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bargaining power of buyers The bargaining power of buyers or customers tends to pressure firms in price changes, which may be due to buyer volume or availability of substitute products in the industry. The force of the bargaining power of customers affected firms in the metal can industry. This is because customers as well as the buyers through cut-in-order sizes, which led to low profitability, punished firms with uncompetitive prices (Bradley 2005, p.53). The bargaining power of customers in the metal can industry led to competitive pricing and firms encouraged large orders by offering large discounts to customers. The firms in the industry gave in to customers bargaining power by giving large discounts with the aim of protecting their market share. Comp etitive rivalry Every industry has competitiveness, which is determined by firms with the same products within the industry. Due to competition in the industry, Crown, Cork and Seal Company decided to gain competitive advantage by having new technologies and innovations to develop their product line. This helped the firm to gain a powerful competitive advantage over the other firms by meeting the customer’s needs in a more convenient way than other firms in the industry meet. Bargaining power of suppliers Industries rely on suppliers who supply them with labor, raw materials, services and other components. Suppliers may charge high prices to the firms if there are few substitutes. The main suppliers of the Crown Company were aluminum and steel producers. Aluminum had the largest market share but steel had an advantage over aluminum because of its price.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Crown, Cork and Seal in 1989 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion The metal container industry in 1989 was characterized by the five-force analysis of industries. The major threats that affected Crown, Cork and Seal Company were availability of substitute packaging materials like glass and plastic substitutes. There was also a threat in the industry, which was caused by in house manufacture of metal cans by brewers and food producers. Reference Bradley, S., 2005. Crown, Cork Seal in 1989. Harvard: Harvard UP.

The Ignudi of Michelangelos Sistine Chapel Frescoes

The Ignudi of Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel Frescoes The Ignudi is the phrase coined by Michelangelo to describe the 20 seated male nudes he incorporated into the Sistine Chapel ceiling frescoes. These figures are interesting in that they do not fit the theme of the paintings, so their true meaning has been a mystery in the art world. Who Are the Ignudi? The word ignudi comes from the Italian adjective nudo, meaning naked. The singular form is ignudo. Michelangelo adopted the name The Ignudi for his 20 figures, giving it a new art-historical context. The youthful, athletic male figures are depicted in pairs of four. Each pair surrounds five center panels on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (there are nine panels in total). The ignudi appear on the panels: The Drunkenness of Noah, The Sacrifice of Noah, The Creation of Eve, The Separation of Land from Water, and The Separation of Light from Darkness. The ignudi  frame the biblical stories, one on each corner. A  pair of bronze-like medallions depicting scenes from the Old Testament rest between two of the figures along the outer edges. One of the medallions is left incomplete for unknown reasons. Each ignudo  is depicted in a relaxed pose that does not match the others. The figures are all seated and leaning on a variety of objects. In the earliest paintings, the ignudi  were in a similar pose to those in the same panel. By the time Michelangelo got to The Separation of Light from Darkness, the poses show no similarities. What Do the Ignudi Represent? Each ignudo represents the male human figure at its most idealized. They are painted in a sort of blending of ancient Classicism and modern naked superheroes (a topic about which Michelangelo could not have known). What adds to their intrigue is that none had anything at all to do with Bible stories. This leads people to question their meaning. Are they merely supporting characters in this detailed scene or do they represent something deeper? Michelangelo did not leave any clues as to the answer. Speculations include that the ignudi represent angels who oversaw the events depicted in the Bible scenes. Others believe that Michelangelo used the ignudi as representations of human perfection. Their physique is, after all, perfectly sculpted and their mannerisms have much more freedom than other figures in the frescoes. There is a possible meaning behind the objects surrounding the ignudi as well. Acorns are depicted with each ignudo  and many people believe these refer to Pope Julius II, Michelangelos patron. The pontiff was a member of the Della Rovere family as was his uncle Popes Sixtus IV who built the Sistine Chapel and for whom it was named. The Della Rovere name literally means of the Oak Tree and a tree is used on the Italian noble familys crest. The Controversy of the Ignudi One look at any of Michelangelos work in the Sistine Chapel reveals quite a bit of nudity. This was shocking to a number of people, including a pontiff or two. Its said that Pope Adrian VI did not enjoy the nudes whatsoever. When his papacy began in 1522, just ten years after the completion of the frescoes, he wanted them removed because he found the nudity vulgar. This did not come to fruition because he died in 1523 before any destruction could be done. Pope Pius IV did not target the ignudi specifically, but he did confront the chapels nudity. He had naked figures in The Last Judgment covered with fig leaves and loincloths to protect their decency. That occurred in the 1560s and during renovations to the artwork in the 1980s and 90s, restorers uncovered the figures to Michelangelos original state.

The Unlikely Secret Agent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Unlikely Secret Agent - Essay Example Eleanor’s race, class and gender affected how others saw and treated her in ways that were advantageous and disadvantageous to her, and these advantages would not have been present for working-class black men; also, however different she may be to those directly affected by apartheid, she was still effective in opposing it because she showed that these differences did not justify the inhumanity of apartheid, and that her race, class, and gender also led to similar experiences of oppression. Eleanor’s race and class are advantages for her because they helped her elude suspicions and maltreatment. Eleanor is not black or a Jewish man, but a Scottish woman who is romantically involved with a Jew. Because of her race, she evaded the initial roundups of the Secret Police who targeted male Jews and blacks first. In addition, her race had been a good source of prevention of police brutality that normally showed against anti-apartheid demonstrators. Eleanor remembered that it was possible that without the presence of the white couple, Harold and Maggy Strachan, heading a rally and facing armed policemen ready to fire, another massacre of black working-class protesters would have followed the Sharpville Massacre (39). Because of her class, she also earned some form of respect. As a middle-class South African, she was also not an immediate target of suspicion, for how many middle-class people would sacrifice their comfortable social status for the risks involved in fighti ng against the apartheid? In addition, Eleanor had a bookstore, and so she was also able to order subversive books from America and use it as a front line for sending and receiving messages for ANC members. Her class provided money and social status that enabled her to serve the ANC and to end apartheid. As a woman, Eleanor also accessed greater social support, respect, and care than men. Eleanor’s gender was a source of social support. She remembered being imprisoned

Grant proposal+SOP Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Grant proposal+SOP - Coursework Example 1. Title of Project Incidence of the lateral flagella Flag-2 genes in clinical isolates of E. coli. Supervisor(s) surname(s) Forename(s) Title(s) Current post(s) and Employer End date of current funding or normal retirement date Dr J. N. Fletcher J. N. Doctor 3. Proposed Student (where applicable) Forename(s) Title(s) Current post(s and Employer End date of current funding or normal retirement date Fatima Alshannag Fatima PhD student 4. Organisation (administering award if approved) Yorkshire Cancer Research Department accommodating project (and Organisation if other than above) City or Town Bradford Applicant’s Tel. No. and Email address 5. Number of hours per week individuals named in (2) above will devote personally to this studentship. 6. Proposed starting date for period of funding Proposed duration 7. Abstract of Research (10 lines of text in Times New Roman 11-point single spacing). Do not increase size of text box. 8. Full official postal address of applicant Telephone number Fax number Email address 9.1 Does this application follow on from a previously funded YCR award? Please give details. No, this application does not follow previously funded YCR award. 9.2 Is this a resubmission in any part of an application to YCR? No, there are no resubmissions in any part of an application to YCR. ... d summarise the support provided (including its tenure) 10.2 Are you currently applying elsewhere for support for work relating to the present proposal? No, I am not currently applying elsewhere for support for work relating to the present. If so, to which Organisation? 10.3 Is this application or any part of it, currently being submitted elsewhere? No, any part of this application is not being submitted elsewhere. If so, to which Organisation; and by what date is a decision expected? 10.4 Has this application, or any part of it, been submitted elsewhere over the past year? No, this application has not been submitted elsewhere over the past year. If so, to which Organisation? 11. Acceptance of regulations and conditions I/We have read the conditions set out in the Award Conditions and, if my/our application is successful, I/we agree to abide by them. I/We shall be actively engaged in, and in day-to-day control of, the project. I I/We have read the specific Award Information, Award Co nditions and Policies for Awards regarding disclosure of research data, intellectual property and commercial development activity and if my/our application is successful I/we agree to abide by them. Signature of applicant(s) Date: This application should be submitted by/through (i) the Head of Department and (ii) the officer who will be responsible for administering any award that may be awarded (e.g. Finance Officer, Bursar, Registrar, Secretary). Each should sign the following declaration: I confirm that I have read this application and that, if granted, the work will be accommodated and administered in the Department/ Organisation in accordance with the Award Conditions. The staff gradings and salaries quoted are correct and in accordance with the normal practice of this Organisation.

Cas a Constant Struggle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cas a Constant Struggle - Essay Example However, aside from simply being able to give each person the capability of doing things that they ought to complete as individual beings in the community, liberty has also paved way to a wider and more diverse society that is populated by individually aspired population who wants to make a name of their own within the society that they are living in. THE United States Bill of Rights has generated so much interest that in 50 years, some 700 books have been written about it-over 40 of them this year alone. Since 1991 is the 200th anniversary of the adoption of the Bill of Rights, people were even more interested in this subject. Yet, a poll revealed that 59 percent of the American public do not know what the Bill of Rights is. When the Constitution of the United States was ratified in 1788, it allowed for amendments that would clarify positions not clearly defined in the Constitution. In 1791 the first ten amendments were added to the Constitution. These ten amendments had to do with liberty and became known as the Bill of Rights, for they guarantee to the people of the United States certain individual liberties. The word freedom in its broad sense as used in the Bible and in the field of government means merely "acting at will". "Freedom is the state of being free; liberty; self-determination. The power of acting, in the character of a moral personality, according to the dictates of the will, without other check, hindrance, or prohibition than such as may be imposed by just and necessary laws and the duties of social life." The word "liberty", as generally used, is practically synonymous with the word "freedom". "Liberty is freedom; exemption from extraneous control. The power of the will to follow the dictates of its unrestricted choice, and to direct the external acts of the individual without restraint, coercion, or control from other persons is the main idea supported by the thoughts of applying liberty in the human society. The capability of human individuals to act upon what they want and to react upon what they see the way that they want to is a clear depiction of the actual applicat ion of liberty today. According to some social psychologists, the want of being free and being able to do what they want is innate in humans. It is a major part of the human behavior that sets people apart from the being that animals follow. Everybody in the society wants to appear better than what is usually seen from others. The initial want for fame is an undeniable cause for such thinking. This is primarily the reason why the dream of having an equal society is most likely believed to have been hindered by the forces implied through the application of individual liberty. So as soon as the news spread that a constitution was in the making, freedom-loving people began a movement for a national bill of rights that would guarantee their liberties and would separate Church from State. If the people were in such fear of a centralized national government, why would they create it After the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776, a new governmental system was needed. British rul e in each colony came to an end. The states then adopted the

Iodine: Properties, Uses and Dangers

Iodine: Properties, Uses and Dangers Introduction: Iodine is an indispensable micronutrient required in small amounts for the normal physiological function of the human body [1]. Iodine is a critical component of the thyroid hormones, which are necessary for various metabolic and enzymatic processes. These processes include control of the body’s metabolic rate, growth and development, neuron function and development. The recommended dietary intake for adult men and non-pregnant women is 150  µg/d, 220-250  µg/d for pregnant women and 250-290  µg/d for breastfeeding women (American thyroid Association) [2]. Seafood, dairy products, and plants grown in iodine-rich soils are decent sources of iodine as food [3]. Most other foods contain low amounts of iodine so individuals require additional sources to meet the recommended amounts. Insufficient intake of iodine results in a variety of disorders referred to as iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). They include mental impairment, goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland), hypoth yroidism, and dwarfism [1-3]. IDD is especially destructive during the early stages of pregnancy and in early childhood. In their most severe form, IDD include cretinism (extreme case of neurological damage from fetal hypothyroidism), stillbirth and miscarriage, and increased infant mortality. IDD is a noteworthy public health problem in more than 50 countries. According, to the World Health Organization (2004) [4] an estimated 2 billion people worldwide (35.2% of the world population) suffer from inadequate iodine intake. Iodide is crucial to thyroid function in vertebrates, with vital implications for human health. It is important to recall that more than 95% of total iodine necessary for humans is accumulated in the thyroid gland. The history of therapeutic use of iodine dates back centuries. It has been described as the most potent antiseptic available. However, its therapeutic uses require careful evaluation because of its narrow range of intake to support optimal thyroid function [5]. One of the most notable features of iodine as an antiseptic is the lack of selection of resistant strains. Only one report of iodine resistance has been published [6]. The behaviour of iodine-based antiseptics on skin was investigated by Gottardi in 1995. Iodine antiseptics have wide scope of antimicrobial activity, killing all principal pathogens and given enough time even spores. Iodine based preparations and iodine salts are widely used as antimicrobial remedies, especially in the form of alcoholic solutions. This is due to the broad antimicrobial activity of iodine and the low cost of iodine components [7]. However, there is considerable controversy about the maximum safe iodine and duration of use. Povidone-iodine prepara tions are widely used as an antiseptic to prepare patient’s skin before surgery and are also used by surgeons and theatre staff as a skin cleaner and antiseptic in preoperative hand scrubs [8]. Many other wound dressing material containing iodine are Inadine, Iodosorb, Iodoflex, Iodozyme, Repithel etc. [9]. The antimicrobial property of iodine has been using for water disinfection since First world war to disinfect drinking water for troops in France and subsequently, US army during second world war used Globalin (tetraglycine hydroperiodide) tablets [10]. Iodine based disinfectant has been in use by NASA in space flights [11]. Today iodine based disinfection materials are mainly available in two forms, as iodine solution and iodine resin [12]. Iodine resins are solid-phase iodine disinfectants. Iodine resins are generally regarded as demand release disinfectants [12]. Starting in the early 1990’s increasing interest in the chemistry of polyvalent organic reagents is also notable and since then an innumerable of reports on the use of such compounds in organic synthesis have been published [13]. Wijs reagent, a solution of iodine monochloride in acetic acid and can be prepared from a mixture of iodine and iodine trichloride, is used for the estimation of the iodine value of fats and oils [14]. However there are various problems associated with the use of free iodine, like excess iodine ingestion cause thyroid disorders, irritation of tissues and short duration of action when used as antimicrobial remedies and high degree of instability [15]. These problems were overcome by the development of iodophores. Iodophores are complexes between iodine and a solubilising agent or carrier to increase the solubility and endure the release of iodine. In an aqueous iodophore solution, iodine is present in the form of different thermodynamically stable anionic iodine species and diatomic iodine [16]. Anionic species of iodine could interact with cationic groups of various polymers and form polymeric iodophores as ionic complexes. Four types of carriers have been generally used:- i) Polyoxymer iodophores. ii) Cationic surfactant iodophores. iii) Non-ionic surfactant iodophores. iv) Polyvinyl-pyrrolidine iodophores (also known as povidone iodine or PVP-I). In most of these carriers iodine is present in aggregates (or micelles) of surfactants, which act as reservoir of iodine. Polyoxymer iodophore are complexes of non-ionic copolymers with iodine. In case of non-ionic surfactant iodophore the complex formation take place through donor-acceptor mechanism with the surfactant ethereal oxygen (as donor) and iodine (as acceptor) [17]. PVP with iodine forms a stable charge-transfer complex. In PVP-I solutions, free species of iodine are formally controlled by the mass action law including a coupled reversible interaction between iodine–iodide, triiodide–polymer and iodine–triiodide–polymer complexes [18]. In 1981, Cadexomer iodine was developed as another means of delivering benign iodine. Cadexomer is a derivative of dextrines (containing some number of carboxyl groups) cross-linked with epichlorohydrin and exits in the form of water-insoluble microbeads; 0.9% of molecular iodine is physically (not chemically) tra pped in the core of these microbeads [19]. Solubility of elemental iodine increases in the presence of iodide ions, such as potassium iodide, where iodine reacts to form tri-iodide ions. Aqueous solutions of iodine are not stable and, depending on conditions, many different species may be present. Of these, it is believed that molecular iodine (I2) has the highest antimicrobial potential. Stability is influenced by pH and activity diminishes with increased alkalinity and storage time [20]. The seven principal iodine species found in aqueous solution are I2, HOI, OIà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬, H2OI+, I3à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬, Ià ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬, of which only hydrated iodine (I2), hypoiodous acid (HOI) and iodine cation (H2OI+) possess bactericidal activity. At physiologically compatible pH and low concentrations, the only species of importance are Ià ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬, I2 and I3à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ [21]. The type and nature of the iodine species present in the iodine-polymer complexes depends on t he nature of the polymer. Many iodine- synthetic polymers complexes were known to regulate the release of iodine like povidone-iodine (Betadine), iodine incorporated resins (quaternary ammonium polymers), iodpolycom complex (vinylpyrrolidone and butyl methacrylate) [7, 18, 19] etc. Medical research of the Sklifosovskiy Research Institute and the National Centre for Toxicological and biological Safety of Medical Products (Report No. 5-10, Jan 11. 2012) [7] demonstrated that the complexed iodine exerted no burning effects on surrounding tissues. However there are some disadvantages associated with iodine-artificial polymers like non-biodegradability, toxicity, expensive etc. which can be overcome by using natural gums. References: J. Agarwal, C. S. Pandav, M. G. Karmarkar, S. Nair, Community monitoring of the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme in the National Capital Region of Delhi, Public Heath Nutrition, 14:5 754-757 (2010). American Thyroid Association, news release, June, 5, (2013). S. F. Morell, The Great Iodine Debate- Weston A. Price Foundation, Wise Tradition in food, Farming and the Healing Arts, 13:14 1-35 (2012). World Health Organization. Iodine status worldwide. WHO global database on iodine deficiency. Geneva, Switzerland, Jun 28, (2010). J. Stansbury, P. Saunders, D. Winston, Promoting healthy thyroid function with Iodine, Bladderwrack, Guggul and its Iris, J. Restorative Medicine, 1, 83-89 (2012). G. Mycock, Methicillin/antiseptic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet, 2, 949–950 (1985). A. B. Davydov, S. I. Belyh, V. V. Kravets, Iodine-Containing Coating with Prolonged Antimicrobial Activity based on water insoluble Polymer Matrix, Biomedical Engineering, 46, 237-240 (2013). R. G. Sibbald, D. J. Leaper, D. Queen, Iodine Made Easy. Wounds international, 2:2 1-6 (2011). S. Boothman, Iodine White Paper: The Use of Iodine in Wound Therapy, Systagenix, (2010). M. R. Rogers, J. J. Vitaliano, Military Individual and Small Group Water Disinfecting System: An Assessment, Military Medicine, 142:4 268-277 (1977). S. Punyani, P. Narayana, H. Singh, P. Vasudevan, Iodine based water disinfection: A review, J Sci. Ind Res 65 116-120 (2006). E. L. Jarroll, Effect of Disinfectant on Giardia Cysts. CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control, 18:1 1-28 (1988). V. V. Zhdankin, P. J. Stang, Chemistry of polyvalent iodine, Chem. Rev, 108, 5299–5358 (2008). E. E. Gooch, Determination of the Iodine value of selected Oils: An Experiment combining FTIR Spectroscopy with Iodometric titrations, Chem. Educator, 6, 7–9 (2001). G. Selvaggi, S. Monstrey, K. V. Landuyt, M. Hamdi, P. Blondeel, The role of iodine in antisepsis and wound management: A reappraisal, Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 103, 241-247 (2003). W. Gottardi, Iodine and Disinfection: Theoretical Study on mode of action, Efficiency, Stability, and Analytical aspects in aqueous system, Arch. Pharm. Pharm. Med. Chem, 332, 151-157 (1999). S. K. Hait, S. P. Moulik, Determination of Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of Non-ionic Surfactants by Donor–Acceptor Interaction with Iodine and Correlation of CMC with Hydrophile–Lipophile Balance and Other Parameters of the Surfactants, J. Surfactants Deterg. 4:30 303-309 (2001). R. Klimaviciute, J. Bendoraitiene, R. Rutkaite, J. Siugzdaite, A. Zemaitaitis, Preparation, stability and antimicrobial activity of cationic cross-linked starch-iodine complex, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 51, 800-807 (2012). J. Bendoraitiene, E. Mazoniene, J. E. Zemaitaitiene, A. Zemaitaitis, Interaction of Polydiallyldimethyl ammonium Salts with Iodine, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 100, 2710-2716 (2006). W. Gottardi, Iodine and iodine compounds. In: Block SS, editor. Disinfection, sterilization and preservation, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Lea Febiger, Chapter 8, 183–96 (1983). W. Gottardi, The formation of iodate as a reason for the decrease of efficiency of iodine containing disinfectant (author transl), Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg. B. 172, 151–157 (1981).

The First World War (WWI) Essay -- World War 1 I One

World War I   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nothing was a bigger disaster than what happened in World War I. This was such a bad war because everyone in the world has allies, and the allies are in oath to help there ally when things get rough or that country is going to war. What I am here to inform you about is how one of the major countries and why one of the biggest powers in the world played a big part in World War I. This country is no other than France, a country who has a lot of say in Europe, and has many allies through out the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The war officially started when the assassination of Austria's Archduke Ferdinand on June 28 in Sarajevo. After this France came in on the side of the Russians and Serbians. As an ally of Russia they were forced to defend them, and after this other big powers got involved such as the Germans, Italians, Russians, Americans, and Japan. The true reason why France got involved was because Germany declared war on them. None of the states that went to war realized how long it would last or how terrible the cost might be. Most thought it would be over in a few short months and that peace would return in 1915.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After this the war got real nasty and the countries stood for no mercy. The French discharged 180,000 kg of chlorine gas from 5,730 cylinders on the line between Steenstraat on the Yser Canal, through Bixschoote and Langemark, to Poelcappelle. This was the beginning of Chemical warfare.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the war starts the Germans are nearly wiping the French out of the war rapidly taking out there soldiers. But the French forces were successful in achieving their objective at the Battle of Mons and the Battle of the Marne. As each side tried to outthink the other, France began to try and take over the Swiss border apart of France. With this great positioning it would be hard for the Germans to attack them from different angles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The French thought the war would end quick, because of the great advantage the allies thought they had over Germany and their other countries on there side. As soon as the Americans got involved in the war many people thought it would end even faster. Between the two armies in a ten month span, Bri... ...ost many of their best troops.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At this time the French were doing well considering the Germans were fighting them face to face on one front, and the Germans had a better trained military than the French. On July 1, 1916, the British and French launched an offensive wave, which put an end to any German thoughts of continuing the Verdun Offensive, was launched against some of the heaviest German armies on the entire Western Front. The British commander, The French had a new campaign which gave the first use of tanks, and was preceded by the war's greatest artillery barrage. Despite these advantages, the general slaughter of allied troops which occurred is famous, with the British suffering 65,000 casualties on the first day alone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the October rains finally put an end to the prolonged carnage, 400,000 British, 200,000 French and 450,000 Germans had become casualties. The Allies only captured a few miles of ground, and the Germans soon withdrew to their new Line in early 1917. Then the great French commander Sir John wasted no time to continue with his offensive ideas and gave the Germans no time to retreat and rest.

Functional Assessments and Intervention Strategies Essay

Dewolfe (1997) discusses the relevant points on the book written by Reichle and Wacker (1997) about the effective approaches in terms of assessing challenging behaviors; and what are the intervention strategies that could be employed in order to decrease the risks for the development of a challenging behavior. According to Reichle and Wacker (1997), the most effective venue for the assessment of challenging behavior could be conducted in natural environments such as â€Å"home, school and local community† (para 2). Also, another key factor that must be kept in mind with regards to changing children’s challenging behavior is the idea that when one wants to change a behavior of a particular child, it necessarily follows, that the behavior of those people around her should also be changed. Effective interventions are also very relevant most specially the rate, quality and the effort that is given on the reinforcement (para 3). Reichle and Wacker (1997) also emphasized that Communications Based Interventions are the best approach in terms of dealing with challenging behavior (para 4). Such a type of intervention should be followed by a functional assessment that should be able to understand the child very well. In effect of this, what will one have is a communication based approach that perfectly matches the need of the child. The facilitation of an intervention program has been emphasized by Reichle and Wacker (1997) has to be conducted in natural settings. As such, the traditional notion that interventions should be normally done in clinics are no longer that patronized. Discussion The rate in which challenging behavior has been increasing now a days is understandable. On the advent of the 21st century where everything is in set to be in fast paced, most parents tend to forgot their responsibility to their children. On the first part of this paper, the author was able to enumerate the different causes and various risk factors of challenging behavior. In a nutshell, one could see that majority of the causes stem out because the mother fails to take care of her child during the prenatal stage and even during the early years of the child. Fox, Dunlap and Powell (2002) emphasized the necessity of early intervention during childhood in order to prevent the development of challenging behavior. In addition with this, the perception that problematic behaviors among toddlers and preschool-age children should not be dismissed as mere effects of his or her development stage. Rather, parents should be vigilant to see the patterns and the rate in which challenging behaviors occur and significantly think of a plan in order to address such a problem. The case of June is a good example on how a child develops challenging behavior during her life. June is perceived to be raised in a broken family. It could be implied that the source of family income is solely shouldered by her mother, hence leaving her and her siblings with small amount of time. In addition with this, the fact that June has two other siblings that her mother have to take care and worry about, further decreases the chance that June could be given appropriate attention and guidance. It is clear from the history of June and her other siblings that they somehow share the same patterns of behavior. Although the author could not completely distinguish if such is the result of how they are reared or maybe how did their mother take care of herself during pregnancy; but it could be seen that such a pattern of behavior is clearly evident to be existing within her family circle. The manner in which June was assessed, intervened and treated in her school could be seen as one of the most effective steps in which one could deal with challenging behavior. The team used a Communications Based Intervention (Reichle and Wacker (1997) in order to deal with the problem. One could recall that the manner in which the teacher talked to June allowed her to express her feelings and also allowed her to tell stories that upset her within the family and also within the school. In addition with this, the assessments that were made to June are done in a natural environment, such as her school. It could be recalled that various attempts are also made by June’s residential and community program placements, but such proves to be null. As such, the author perceived that the assessment at the school, wherein June spends mostly her time is a very effective approach because not only that she will be able to properly relate with her peers, such an approach will also pave the way for more understanding and willingness to support among her teachers. Reicle and Wacker (1997) emphasized the need of other people to also change their behaviors if they wanted to help a child with challenging behavior. It could be significantly noted that Laursen (2005) claimed that the team that is taking care and assisting June has also made an effort to make her educators understand the depth of her problem and how their support could help her to overcome her challenging behavior. In relation with this, the author wanted to introduce the notion of Positive Behavior Support (PBS) of Fox, Dunlap and Powell (2002) in order to change challenging behaviors among children. The PBS is tailored to meet the specific needs of the child and also takes into careful consideration all of the contexts in which problems with regard to challenging behaviors emerge. The model devised by Dunlap and Fox (1999) as cited from Fox, Dunlap and Powell (2002) creates an Individualized Support Program (ISP) that seeks to help the family and the child’s care givers in order to change his or her difficult behavior. The ISP model revolves on two major steps which is the functional assessment and the person centered planning. The functional assessment focuses on accumulating detailed information about the child’s behavior, activities, and other contexts that could be helpful for the family, taking into consideration the cause and effects of a particular behavior. Consequently, the person-centered planning centers on the expression of the child’s dreams and other challenges that the child perceived to have within his or her family. After such, a behavior support plan will be created which is perfectly in accordance to the specific needs of the child.